Kerala saw a significant increase in amoebic meningoencephalitis cases over the past three years, Union Health Minister Prataprao Jadhav revealed in the Lok Sabha.
According to Jadhav, Kerala saw “211 cases and 53 deaths since 2023,” marking a concerning surge in this rare but deadly brain infection. The year 2023 recorded just two cases and two deaths, which rose to 39 cases and 9 deaths in 2024. In 2025, the state reported 170 cases, claiming 42 lives.
The National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) in Kozhikode launched an investigation in July 2024 to study the rising incidence. High-level meetings were held with experts from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and state authorities to review the surge and strengthen surveillance.
Enhanced monitoring included National Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) surveillance through 18 Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratories (VRDLs), cross-validation of tests, improved environmental surveillance, and evidence-based treatment guidance. The government also intensified information, education, and communication (IEC) initiatives to raise public awareness and prevention measures.
Further epidemiological studies by NCDC led to updated guidelines and a revised Communicable Disease alert on Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) in October 2024. These guidelines focus on prevention, early detection, and treatment.
Amoebic meningoencephalitis is caused by Naegleria fowleri, a free-living amoeba found in warm freshwater lakes, rivers, and streams. Infection occurs when contaminated water enters the nose, allowing the amoeba to reach the brain. The disease progresses rapidly, affecting the central nervous system, and has a very high fatality rate. Drinking contaminated water or person-to-person contact does not spread the infection.
Health authorities continue to work with state officials to improve preparedness, research, and awareness to prevent further cases and fatalities.
Kerala saw a worrying pattern in recent years, highlighting the need for increased vigilance and community awareness about water safety and early medical attention.
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